| HISTORY OF BIO ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE |
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| 1907 Cremer tests the phenomenon of bio impedance on a heart isolated from frog |
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| 1926 First use of the electrodes of contact in a pulmonary measurement of impedance with sights of diagnosis of oedema |
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| 1940 Nyboer develops the theory of the bio impedance by identifying the studied body with a cylinder; it introduces the concept of resistivity of blood in Ohm/cm. The purpose of this study is measurement of the variation of the blood flow. |
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| 1962 Thomaset discovers the relation between the bio impedance and the total water body. |
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| 1966 Kubicek resumes work of Nyboer and brings a true progress in the technology of the bio impedance. It substitutes for the concept of impedance, the concept of derived first: dZ / dt which represents the rate of variation of impedance. |
| He tests on astronauts of NASA an equation who determine the systolic volume of ejection according to the bio impedance. |
It is the development of the first device of monitoring of the bio impedance:
the Cardiographer of Minnesota. |
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| 1970 B Pullen of the university of Manchester proposes the idea of an impedance imaging using the differences in conductivity between the organs . This process of imagery is completely new and different from the other techniques. Moreover, the sensitivity of organs offers a variation of the values of large conductivity (larger than the attenuation coefficient of x-rays) |
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| 1978 Henderson develops a acquisition system of the data in impedance imaging using 144 electrodes. It applies a current tension |
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| 1983 the first image of experimental impedance in vivo is carried out by Barber & Brown and Nyober, which, in parallel, applies the principle of electrical resistance voluminal to determine the TBW (Total Body Water) of a patient. |
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1985 Sramek, Bernstein & Quail work with the improvement of the Kubicek
equation . This various work leads to the development of the NCCOM3 which will be marketed by Biomed Medical Manufacturing (in USA). This non invasive measuring device of the cardiac flow brings a real progress. It is always used currently and profited from 8 revisions |
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| 1987 Kim develops a system of imagery with 192 electrodes using the same method as that of Henderson. |
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| 1990 Brown and Rossell separately develop systems of acquisition of the data semi-parallel. Contrary to the system of Henderson & Kim, a current is applied and the recovered tension. Brown also brought a real dash to the imagery of impedance by developing a crowd clinical applications such as: the pulmonary perfusion, distension of the blood vessels, the pelvic congestion, the measurement of the thoracic fluids, the pulmonary oedema. |
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